BBC DRAMA ,EINSTEIN AN EDDINGTON

I watched a brilliant drama about the relationship between Albert einstein and sir arthur eddington around the time of the nineteen teens, the connection between Albert einstein and Sir Arthur eddington in the bbc film. Albert Einstein the most famous scientist of the 20th century, and i would say the most important in all of human history. So great is Einstein’s reputation that it makes that of Arthur Stanley Eddington — a good astronomer and a gifted popularizer of science — seem to pale into insignificance. Yet without Eddington’s 1919 eclipse expedition, which provided early proof of general relativity, Einstein’s discoveries might have stayed hidden for years before becoming known outside of the German scientific community, let alone the public/world.
Einstein and Eddington is about physicists, not physics.Although in the film they do attempt to explain special relativity in a scene using Einstein, his sons, a boat,as an example. and a handful of references to Einstein inventing new symbols,also in the film his first wife (and fellow physicist) Mileva who he is alleged to have neglected , played by Lucy Cohu.they also do the obligatory sheet-and-heavy-object explanation of general relativity using a table cloth an a loaf of bread, the film’s main focus is the parallel lives of the two during the First World War.
With Einstein and Eddington being both pacifists, This caused both of them great emotional difficulties, struggling to rise above the war’s horrible bitterness stand out as some of the films most effective scenes. At the outset of the war, Einstein refuses to sign a letter aligning German science with the German army. Eddington’s decision to correspond in secret with Einstein despite officially not being allowed, took guts.
Einstein and Eddington is a compelling sometimes emotional drama that although covering physics should appeal to non scientific types. Serkis,Tennant and supporting cast ensure the result is a rare drama that brings out the human side of physicists,but still pokes fun at the popular image of Einstein as a disheveled haired eccentric.All things said a brilliant drama.

GENERAL RELATIVITY THEORYS

General relativity

General relativity is a theory of gravitation and to understand the background to the theory we have to look at how theories of gravitation developed. Aristotle's notion of the motion of bodies impeded understanding of gravitation for a long time. He believed that force could only be applied by contact; force at a distance being impossible, and a constant force was required to maintain a body in uniform motion.

Copernicus's view of the solar system was important as it allowed sensible consideration of gravitation. Kepler's laws of planetary motion and Galileo's understanding of the motion and falling bodies set the scene for Newton's theory of gravity which was presented in the Principia in 1687. Newton's law of gravitation is expressed by

F = G M1M2/d2

where F is the force between the bodies of masses M1, M2 and d is the distance between them. G is the universal gravitational constant.

After receiving their definitive analytic form from Euler, Newton's axioms of motion were reworked by Lagrange, Hamilton, and Jacobi into very powerful and general methods, which employed new analytic quantities, such as potential, related to force but remote from everyday experience. Newton's universal gravitation was considered proved correct, thanks to the work of Clairaut and Laplace. Laplace looked at the stability of the solar system in Traité du Mécanique Céleste in 1799. In fact the so-called three-body problem was extensively studied in the 19th Century and was not properly understood until much later. The study of the gravitational potential allowed variations in gravitation caused by irregularities in the shape of the earth to be studied both practically and theoretically. Poisson used the gravitational potential approach to give an equation which, unlike Newton's, could be solved under rather general conditions.

Newton's theory of gravitation was highly successful. There was little reason to question it except for one weakness which was to explain how each of the two bodies knew the other was there. Some profound remarks about gravitation were made by Maxwell in 1864. His major work A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field (1864) was written

... to explain the electromagnetic action between distant bodies without assuming the existence of forces capable of acting directly at sensible distances.

At the end of the work Maxwell comments on gravitation.

After tracing to the action of the surrounding medium both the magnetic and the electric attractions and repulsions, and finding them to depend on the inverse square of the distance, we are naturally led to inquire whether the attraction of gravitation, which follows the same law of the distance, is not also traceable to the action of a surrounding medium.

However Maxwell notes that there is a paradox caused by the attraction of like bodies. The energy of the medium must be decreased by the presence of the bodies and Maxwell said

As I am unable to understand in what way a medium can possess such properties, I cannot go further in this direction in searching for the cause of gravitation.

In 1900 Lorentz conjectured that gravitation could be attributed to actions which propagate with the velocity of light. Poincaré, in a paper in July 1905 (submitted days before Einstein's special relativity paper), suggested that all forces should transform according the Lorentz transformations. In this case he notes that Newton's law of gravitation is not valid and proposed gravitational waves which propagated with the velocity of light.

In 1907, two years after proposing the special theory of relativity, Einstein was preparing a review of special relativity when he suddenly wondered how Newtonian gravitation would have to be modified to fit in with special relativity. At this point there occurred to Einstein, described by him as the happiest thought of my life , namely that an observer who is falling from the roof of a house experiences no gravitational field. He proposed the Equivalence Principle as a consequence:-

... we shall therefore assume the complete physical equivalence of a gravitational field and the corresponding acceleration of the reference frame. This assumption extends the principle of relativity to the case of uniformly accelerated motion of the reference frame.

After the major step of the equivalence principle in 1907, Einstein published nothing further on gravitation until 1911. Then he realised that the bending of light in a gravitational field, which he knew in 1907 was a consequence of the equivalence principle, could be checked with astronomical observations. He had only thought in 1907 in terms of terrestrial observations where there seemed little chance of experimental verification. Also discussed at this time is the gravitational redshift, light leaving a massive body will be shifted towards the red by the energy loss of escaping the gravitational field.

Einstein published further papers on gravitation in 1912. In these he realised that the Lorentz transformations will not apply in this more general setting. Einstein also realised that the gravitational field equations were bound to be non-linear and the equivalence principle appeared to only hold locally.

This work by Einstein prompted others to produce gravitational theories. Work by Nordström, Abraham and Mie was all a consequence of Einstein's, so far failed, attempts to find a satisfactory theory. However Einstein realised his problems.

If all accelerated systems are equivalent, then Euclidean geometry cannot hold in all of them.

Einstein then remembered that he had studied Gauss's theory of surfaces as a student and suddenly realised that the foundations of geometry have physical significance. He consulted his friend Grossmann who was able to tell Einstein of the important developments of Riemann, Ricci (Ricci-Curbastro) and Levi-Civita. Einstein wrote

... in all my life I have not laboured nearly so hard, and I have become imbued with great respect for mathematics, the subtler part of which I had in my simple-mindedness regarded as pure luxury until now.

In 1913 Einstein and Grossmann published a joint paper where the tensor calculus of Ricci and Levi-Civita is employed to make further advances. Grossmann gave Einstein the Riemann-Christoffel tensor which, together with the Ricci tensor which can be derived from it, were to become the major tools in the future theory. Progress was being made in that gravitation was described for the first time by the metric tensor but still the theory was not right. When Planck visited Einstein in 1913 and Einstein told him the present state of his theories Planck said

As an older friend I must advise you against it for in the first place you will not succeed, and even if you succeed no one will believe you.

Planck was wrong, but only just, for when Einstein was to succeed with his theory it was not readily accepted. It was the second half of 1915 that saw Einstein finally put the theory in place. Before that however he had written a paper in October 1914 nearly half of which is a treatise on tensor analysis and differential geometry. This paper led to a correspondence between Einstein and Levi-Civita in which Levi-Civita pointed out technical errors in Einstein's work on tensors. Einstein was delighted to be able to exchange ideas with Levi-Civita whom he found much more sympathetic to his ideas on relativity than his other colleagues.

At the end of June 1915 Einstein spent a week at Göttingen where he lectured for six 2 hour sessions on his (incorrect) October 1914 version of general relativity. Hilbert and Klein attended his lectures and Einstein commented after leaving Göttingen

To my great joy, I succeeded in convincing Hilbert and Klein completely.

The final steps to the theory of general relativity were taken by Einstein and Hilbert at almost the same time. Both had recognised flaws in Einstein's October 1914 work and a correspondence between the two men took place in November 1915. How much they learnt from each other is hard to measure but the fact that they both discovered the same final form of the gravitational field equations within days of each other must indicate that their exchange of ideas was helpful.

On the 18th November he made a discovery about which he wrote For a few days I was beside myself with joyous excitement . The problem involved the advance of the perihelion of the planet Mercury. Le Verrier, in 1859, had noted that the perihelion (the point where the planet is closest to the sun) advanced by 38" per century more than could be accounted for from other causes. Many possible solutions were proposed, Venus was 10% heavier than was thought, there was another planet inside Mercury's orbit, the sun was more oblate than observed, Mercury had a moon and, really the only one not ruled out by experiment, that Newton's inverse square law was incorrect. This last possibility would replace the 1/d2 by 1/dp, where p = 2+ε for some very small number ε. By 1882 the advance was more accurately known, 43'' per century. From 1911 Einstein had realised the importance of astronomical observations to his theories and he had worked with Freundlich to make measurements of Mercury's orbit required to confirm the general theory of relativity. Freundlich confirmed 43" per century in a paper of 1913. Einstein applied his theory of gravitation and discovered that the advance of 43" per century was exactly accounted for without any need to postulate invisible moons or any other special hypothesis. Of course Einstein's 18 November paper still does not have the correct field equations but this did not affect the particular calculation regarding Mercury. Freundlich attempted other tests of general relativity based on gravitational redshift, but they were inconclusive.

Also in the 18 November paper Einstein discovered that the bending of light was out by a factor of 2 in his 1911 work, giving 1.74". In fact after many failed attempts (due to cloud, war, incompetence etc.) to measure the deflection, two British expeditions in 1919 were to confirm Einstein's prediction by obtaining 1.98" 0.30" and 1.61" 0.30".

On 25 November Einstein submitted his paper The field equations of gravitation which give the correct field equations for general relativity. The calculation of bending of light and the advance of Mercury's perihelion remained as he had calculated it one week earlier.

Five days before Einstein submitted his 25 November paper Hilbert had submitted a paper The foundations of physics which also contained the correct field equations for gravitation. Hilbert's paper contains some important contributions to relativity not found in Einstein's work. Hilbert applied the variational principle to gravitation and attributed one of the main theorem's concerning identities that arise to Emmy Noether who was in Göttingen in 1915. No proof of the theorem is given. Hilbert's paper contains the hope that his work will lead to the unification of gravitation and electromagnetism.

In fact Emmy Noether's theorem was published with a proof in 1918 in a paper which she wrote under her own name. This theorem has become a vital tool in theoretical physics. A special case of Emmy Noether's theorem was written down by Weyl in 1917 when he derived from it identities which, it was later realised, had been independently discovered by Ricci in 1889 and by Bianchi (a pupil of Klein) in 1902.

Immediately after Einstein's 1915 paper giving the correct field equations, Karl Schwarzschild found in 1916 a mathematical solution to the equations which corresponds to the gravitational field of a massive compact object. At the time this was purely theoretical work but, of course, work on neutron stars, pulsars and black holes relied entirely on Schwarzschild's solutions and has made this part of the most important work going on in astronomy today.

Einstein had reached the final version of general relativity after a slow road with progress but many errors along the way. In December 1915 he said of himself

That fellow Einstein suits his convenience. Every year he retracts what he wrote the year before.

Most of Einstein's colleagues were at a loss to understand the quick succession of papers, each correcting, modifying and extending what had been done earlier. In December 1915 Ehrenfest wrote to Lorentz referring to the theory of November 25, 1915. Ehrenfest and Lorentz corresponded about the general theory of relativity for two months as they tried to understand it. Eventually Lorentz understood the theory and wrote to Ehrenfest saying I have congratulated Einstein on his brilliant results . Ehrenfest responded

Your remark "I have congratulated Einstein on his brilliant results" has a similar meaning for me as when one Freemason recognises another by a secret sign.

In March 1916 Einstein completed an article explaining general relativity in terms more easily understood. The article was well received and he then wrote another article on relativity which was widely read and went through over 20 printings.

Today relativity plays a role in many areas, cosmology, the big bang theory etc. and now has been checked by experiment to a high degree of accuracy.

Solve Mathematical Equations Automatically
A single-click equation solver? Nonsense! You'd need MathCAD for that, and that costs a fortune! Or do you really?Solve mathematical equations with just one mouse click! Forget about mathematical problems once and forever! Spend quality time on a TV program or your favorite computer game instead of spending it on a math home assignment (just kidding!). Let Equation Wizard solve your math problems on a computer, and see the solution written in a proper mathematical notation with comments in plain English.Equation Wizard by ElasticLogic solves what your calculator cannot help you with. Solve algebraic equations written in any form completely automatically! Equation Wizard solves algebraic problems by finding both real and imaginary roots for your equation. It can solve every equation you throw at it. Linear, square, cubic or nth power, expressions, square roots, cube roots, and even nth roots and factorials are easily solved with Equation Wizard. Stop wasting your brain resources on routine operations. Computers are kings of number crunching – let them show their best!Proving yourself again and again that you're good at math? Sure you can solve a math problem, but is it worth your time? Stop using your brain to solve no-brainer equations! Give yourself a break and let your computer do what you paid it for (or, rather, what you paid for it!). Just type what you see in your textbook, and if it happens to be an equation, it will be solved!Got an interesting assignment that's a real challenge to your abilities? Let Equation Wizard teach you a lesson on how to solve that kind of problems with a little demonstration. It'll show you how to solve the problem step by step. Equation Wizard comments every step and every action it performs to simplify and solve the equation in plain English. "Raising to power", "Collecting terms", "Reducing to the common denominator" are typical comments to expect while Equation Wizard works on your problem.Solve linear, square and cube equations, high order and nth degree, simplify and calculate expressions with Equation Wizard. Equation Wizard works its way exactly as an experienced mathematician (and your teacher). It reduces the equation to a canonical form, determines its order and finds its roots. The result looks so clear and natural you'd never tell it's a work by a computer!What are you waiting for? Download Equation Wizard now! As you'd guess, it's right here: http://www.equationwizard.com/

LIFE METAPHYSICALLY IS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE LAW OF ATTRACTION

"Law Of Attraction And Energy Waves"
If you go into the details you will see that the Law of Attraction can be made clear in a systematic way with the help of Quantum Physics. According to Quantum physicists the atom is not made up of elements. Until earlier last century, subatomic particles that comprise atoms, such as protons, neutrons, and electrons, were considered the smallest, most fundamental units of matter. But science has since determined that these subatomic particles are comprised of even smaller, more basic constituents called quarks. And what are quarks made of? Quarks come in different varieties, but as yet no constituent smaller parts have been found, although theories such as string theory suggest a more basic substructure. You know the famous equation, E=MC2? It was discovered by Albert Einstein, who made several other groundbreaking contributions to science and mathematics. He explains the origins of the equation and how it relates to what we know about the universe. What else do we know about energy? Physical laws tells us that energy can't be created or destroyed, but it can change forms. Energy is never still, it is constantly vibrating. "Frequency" is the term used to describe this vibration, referring to the waves that energy travels in. Different types of energy pulsate at different speeds, causing them to have different frequencies. If you delve further into the Law of Attraction you'll find that energy waves of similar frequencies are actually drawn toward each other. Everything in the universe is constructed from a core of energy, even solid objects. And remember that all energy vibrates and therefore has a frequency - even if the objects appear totally solid and immobile. When success or failure happens in your life, energy frequencies are at work there, too. The Law of Attraction is a hypothetical theory that is ordinarily connected to new age thinking. It holds that you must not fixate on negative events, because the meaning of life metaphysically is exemplified by the Law of Attraction. The secret is simply that you will obtain whatever you focus on. To sum it up, your fate is decided by your thoughts.
About the Author: In case you examine the specifics, you will observe that the law of attraction can be illustrated in a methodical manner with the aid of quantum physics. Until recently, electrons, protons and neutrons were considered the smallest units of matter. But now it is common knowledge that they break down into still smaller components called quarks. Thinking positively to bring about positive things and events in your life is the secret to universal success. It's a breakthrough even bigger than Einstein's renowned formula, E=MC squared. Einstein made a number of contributions in this field, and how it relates to our understanding of the universe.

Collider repairs top 20 million dollers

Hadron collider repairs to cost over twenty million dollers after damage caused just several days after start up.

FUTURE OF PHYSICS UNDER THREAT

Leading physicists have said that long term research is suffering because of a shortage of funding.
they have concluded that because of a 25%cut in funding for research grants is threatening the future of the field and has prompted many young promising physicists to leave and study in other diciplines .they say that many university physics departments are shrinking ,some thing that goverment denies.

ALCUBIERRE DRIVE EXPLAINED

This article is about the Alcubierre metric. For Spacewarp marble coaster, see Spacewarp ,
The Alcubierre metric, also known as the Alcubierre drive or Warp Drive, is a speculative mathematical model of a spacetime exhibiting features reminiscent of the fictional "warp drive" from Star Trek which can travel "Faster-than-light" (although not in a local sense - see below).
In 1994 the Mexican physicist Miguel Alcubierre proposed a method of stretching space in a wave which would in theory cause the fabric of space ahead of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it to expand. The ship would ride this wave inside a region known as a warp bubble of flat space. Since the ship is not moving within this bubble, but carried along as the region itself moves, conventional relativistic effects such as time dilation do not apply in the way they would in the case of a ship moving at high velocity through flat spacetime. Also, this method of travel does not actually involve moving faster than light in a local sense, since a light beam within the bubble would still always move faster than the ship; it is only "faster than light" in the sense that, thanks to the contraction of the space in front of it, the ship could reach its destination faster than a light beam restricted to travelling outside the warp bubble. Thus, the Alcubierre drive does not contradict the conventional claim that relativity forbids a slower-than-light object to accelerate to faster-than-light speeds. However, there are no known methods to create such a warp bubble in a region that does not already contain one, or to leave the bubble once inside it, so the Alcubierre drive remains a theoretical concept at this time.
Mathematics of the Alcubierre drive
Concept of the Alcubierre warp drive, showing the opposing regions of expanding and contracting spacetime that propel the central region
Using the 3+1 formalism of general relativity, the spacetime is described by a foliation of space-like hypersurfaces of constant coordinate time t. The general form of the Alcubierre metric is:

where α is the lapse function that gives the interval of proper time between nearby hypersurfaces, βi is the shift vector that relates the spatial coordinate systems on different hypersurfaces and γij is a positive definite metric on each of the hypersurfaces. The particular form that Alcubierre studied] is defined by:
βy = βz = 0
γij = δij
where
and
with R > 0 and σ > 0 arbitrary parameters. With this particular form of the metric, it can be shown that the energy density measured by observers whose 4-velocity is normal to the hypersurfaces is given by

where g is the determinant of the metric tensor. Thus, as the energy density is negative, one needs exotic matte to travel faster than the speed of light'. The existence of exotic matter is not theoretically ruled out, the Casimir effect and the Accelerating Universe both lends support to the proposed existence of such matter. However, generating enough exotic matter and sustaining it to perform feats such as faster-than-light travel (and also to keep open the 'throat' of a wormhole) is thought to be impractical. Low has argued that within the context of general relativity, it is impossible to construct a warp drive in the absence of exotic matter.

It is generally believed that a consistent theory of quantum gravity will resolve such issues once and for all.

Alcubierre Metric
The Alcubierre Metric defines the so-called warp drive spacetime. This is a Lorentzian manifold which, if interpreted in the context of general relativity, exhibits features reminiscent of the warp drive from Star Trek: a warp bubble appears in previously flat spacetime and moves off at effectively superluminal speed. Inhabitants of the bubble feel no inertial effects. The object(s) within the bubble are not moving (locally) faster than light, instead, the space around them shifts so that the object(s) arrives at its destination faster than light would in normal space.

Mathematical representation
The Alcubierre metric may be written
where
and
Alcubierre chose a specific form for the function f, but other choices give a simpler spacetime exhibiting the desired "warp drive" effects more clearly and simply.
Physics of the Alcubierre drive
For those familiar with the effects of special relativity, such as Lorentz contraction and time dilation the Alcubierre metric has some apparently peculiar aspects. In particular, Alcubierre has shown that even when the ship is accelerating, it travels on a free-fall geodesic. In other words, a ship using the warp to accelerate and decelerate is always in free fall, and the crew would experience no accelerational g-forces Enormous tidal forces would be present near the edges of the flat-space volume because of the large space curvature there, but by suitable specification of the metric, these would be made very small within the volume occupied by the ship.
The original warp drive metric, and simple variants of it, happen to have the ADM form which is often used in discussing the initial value formulation of general relativity. This may explain the widespread misconception that this spacetime is a solution of the field equation of general relativity. Metrics in ADM form are adapted to a certain family of inertial observers, but these observers are not really physically distinguished from other such families. Alcubierre interpreted his "warp bubble" in terms of a contraction of "space" ahead of the bubble and an expansion behind. But this interpretation might be misleading, since the contraction and expansion actually refers to the relative motion of nearby members of the family of ADM observers.
In general relativity, one often first specifies a plausible distribution of matter and energy, and then finds the geometry of the spacetime associated with it; but it is also possible to run the Einstein field equations in the other direction, first specifying a metric and then finding the energy-momentum tensor associated with it, and this is what Alcubierre did in building his metric. This practice means that the solution can violate various energy conditions and require exotic matter The need for exotic matter leads to questions about whether it is actually possible to find a way to distribute the matter in an initial spacetime which lacks a "warp bubble" in such a way that the bubble will be created at a later time. Yet another problem is that, according to Krasnikov, it would be impossible to generate the bubble without being able to force the exotic matter to move at locally FTL speeds, which would require the existence of tachyons. Some methods have been suggested which would avoid the problem of tachyonic motion, but would probably generate a naked singularity at the front of the bubble.
Difficulties
Building the road
Krasnikov proposed that, if tachyonic matter could not be found or used, then a solution might be to arrange for masses along the path of the vessel to be set in motion in such a way that the required field was produced. But in this case the Alcubierre Drive vessel is not able to go dashing around the galaxy at will. It is only able to travel routes which, like a railroad, have first been equipped with the necessary infrastructure.
The pilot inside the bubble is causally disconnected with its walls and cannot carry out any action outside the bubble. However, it is necessary to place devices along the route in advance and, since the pilot cannot do this while "in transit", the bubble cannot be used for the first trip to a distant star. In other words, to travel to Vega (which is 26 light-years from the Earth) one first has to arrange everything so that the bubble moving toward Vega with a superluminal velocity would appear and these arrangements will always take more than 26 years.
It takes one to build one
Coule has argued that schemes such as the one proposed by Alcubierre are not feasible because the matter to be placed on the road beforehand has to be placed at superluminal speed. Thus, according to Coule, an Alcubierre Drive is required in order to build an Alcubierre Drive. Since none have been proven to exist already then the drive is impossible to construct, even if the metric is physically meaningful. Coule argues that an analogous objection will apply to any proposed method of constructing an Alcubierre Drive.
Energy requirement
Significant problems with the metric of this form stem from the fact that all known warp drive spacetimes violate various energy conditions. It is true that certain experimentally verified quantum phenomena, such as the Casimir effect, when described in the context of the quantum field theories, lead to stress-energy tensors which also violate the energy conditions and so one might hope that Alcubierre type warp drives could perhaps be physically realized by clever engineering taking advantage of such quantum effects. However, if certain quantum inequalities conjectured by Ford and Roman hold, then the energy requirements for some warp drives may be absurdly gigantic, e.g. the energy -1067gram equivalent might be required to transport a small spaceship across the Milky Way galaxy. This is orders of magnitude greater than the mass of the universe. Counterarguments to these apparent problems have been offered, but not everyone is convinced they can be overcome.
Chris Van Den Broeck, in 1999, has tried to address the potential issues. By contracting the 3+1 dimensional surface area of the 'bubble' being transported by the drive, while at the same time expanding the 3 dimensional volume contained inside, Van Den Broeck was able to reduce the total energy needed to transport small atoms to less than 3 solar masses. Later, by slightly modifying the Van Den Broeck metric, Krasnikov reduced the necessary total amount of negative energy to a few milligrams.

THE IDIOT,S GUIDE TO PHYSICS

The Idiot's Guide to Incomprehensible Physics Just nod and pretend you understand GRAVITYGravity is the mysterious force that makes all objects with mass attract each other. It explains why apples fall from trees and why you can't dunk. Einstein ascribed it to a distortion of space-time, a theory that holds true as long as you're talking about "big" stuff—from snowflakes on up to the cosmos. THE STANDARD MODELGravity is too weak to explain the strong bonds between subatomic particles. Break gravity, you get NASA. Break the nucleus of an atom, you could get an atomic bomb. Researchers have defined three forces—electromagne­tism, the strong force, and the weak force—that hold atoms together and regulate their decay. The catch is that the theory, known as the Standard Model, can't account for gravity. String TheoryThis is the leading contender for grand unification, a theory that would bring gravity and the Standard Model together into one happy package. It holds that at the core of every subatomic particle there are much, much smaller vibrating entities called superstrings, and that their vibrations form all energy and mass. But the theory also assumes the existence of nine or more dimensions of space, a concept that, so far, renders much of it untestable. E8With 248 individual coordinates, E8 is one of the most complex symmetrical shapes possible. (Many equations can be mapped out geo­metrically; if the math behind E8 were written in newspaper type, it would cover an area the size of Manhattan.) Physicists routinely use shapes to construct theories and probe relationships. Garrett Lisi noticed similarities between the equations of E8 and his own work on grand unification. By plotting particles and forces on various coordinates, he started generating potentially testable results that suggested an underlying mathematical structure to the universe.

WHAT ARE BLACK HOLES?

What are Black Holes ?
Black holes have not been proved to exist in space. Such phenomena which scientists consider must exist in the cosmos could explain the spinning of the galaxy,s. black holes as they are known are thought to be once enormous stars with unimaginable gravitational fields that they litarelly collapse in on themselves which means that light could not escape it. hence the name black hole. Einstein's universal model of relativity in the 20th century also the work of an Indian scholar, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar worked out the mathematical facts of how huge a star would have to be to produce a black hole. A black hole is believed to start with a star. The sun, with a diameter of about 870,000 miles, is considered a normal sized star, and is mainly a huge thermonuclear "reactor" which has enough "fuel" to keep it burning for many thousands of years. what happens when a star's fuel burns out? There are many things that can occour, depending on the size of the star. A cold burned out finished star is one example.very large stars hundreds of times larger than our sun have nuclear explosions constantly happening. When this nuclear energy is spent, however, such huge powerful stars undergo dramatic changes. A star can develop into a "neutron star." A neutron star can have a radius of about ten miles and weigh as much as hundreds of millions of tons per square inch. That's because with a neutron star, for example, you may have a body with a ten-mile radius have a gravity equivalent to a star the size of the sun. even larger stars scientists believe continue to collapse under their immense gravitational pull to a point where they basicly implode in on themselves to such a density that even light is twisted inside out And that's where the terminolagy black hole comes from, this immense density is apparently called[ i have read] a place-time bend. Its radius is much smaller than that of a neutron star. And, therefore, a "black hole of time an space" comes into being. A black hole has such a dense gravitational force that nothing, not even light, can escape its grip.

how do scientists know that black holes may be out there? well stars have been observed orbiting unseen objects and it is theorised these invisible objects must have unimaginable force to make a star orbit them.

HOW DOES NUCLEAR REACTION HAPPEN?

Nuclear reactions occur when neutrons are fired at closely packed atoms with heavy nuclei (uranium or plutonium isotopes). These heavy nuclei break apart into lighter nuclei when hit by a neutron, in turn generating more neutrons which bombard other nuclei, creating a chain reaction. This process is known as fission. (Another process known as fusion releases energy by fusing together nuclei rather than breaking them apart.) By breaking down the nuclei themselves rather than releasing energy through a conventional chemical reaction, atom bombs can release more than 80 terajoules of energy per kilogram (TJ/kg).

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ASTRONOMY SPACE AND BEYOND

Astronomy Space And Beyond
Astronomy could be distinct as the offshoot of skill that deals with the learning of natures and beckon of space bodies like stars, planets and galaxies. There are yet different definitions for Astronomy. This includes the analysis of worry and clothes further earth's atmosphere and having their own pure and compound properties. Some different views enter -Astronomy is the learning of everything. This is because astronomy is the inquiry of universe and everything is part of the universe. One can say that all these definitions rectify and, hence there are many sub fields within astronomy. Cosmologists, Astrometrists, Planetologist, Radio astronomers, Mathematical astronomers are some among these sub divisions. Cosmologists examine universe as a full including its source and opening. Planetologists do analysis about all those planets within the solar procedure and those orbiting hazy stars. Astrometrists assess distances coupled with universe. Again Radio astronomers use radio telescopes to report the universe. Numbers, calculations and mathematical astronomers worn statistics to clarify universe. We can't say that astronomy is a stop deserted subject. It is a combination of different fields. These fields embrace mathematics, geology, chemistry, physics, geology, ecology. Physics can be said to be as one of the most basic part of astronomy. That is why some of the astronomers are known as Astrophysicists. Astronomy could be said to be the oldest knowledge. During the early age, astronomers were priests and holy men, who tried to fix the puzzle of the universe. They tried to uncover planting cycles and celebrations. Astronomy theories where first developed and introduced by archaic Greeks. They made out theories about the universe object as an undivided. There were many astronomers who proved them to be great astronomers. Later many of the data provided by them proved to be immoral, as technology came brazen with a selection hand. Some of them contain Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo Galilee, Johannes Kepler etc. but one fact is convinced that without the contributions of all those greats the evidence known today could not have reached ahead. Again it can be said that astrology is the analysis of space. A crack to understand the narration and make up of universe can be termed to be as astronomy. A limitless vicinity of fields is covered under astronomy. They include stars, nebula, planets, sol, star clusters, galaxies, dusk count, black holes etc. each of these can be again alienated into numerous topics. Research is done in the whole electromagnetic spectrum. This includes ultraviolet, visible, x-ray and infrared. Thus it genuinely covers tons of things when it comes to astronomy.

ABOUT OUR PLANETS

About Our Planets
As we all know, there has been topical speculation of what constitutes a globe and what doesn't. The objective of this mystery was Pluto. Yet the IAU (International Astronomical Union) says that earth is "a celestial body that is in orbit around the sun, has sufficient heap for its self gravity to overcome rigid body army so that it assumes a near round model and has blank the neighborhood around its orbit." Besides Earth and its moon Luna, there are eight other planets within our solar procedure that also surround their own orbiting satellites, or moons. The first of these planets, and the next to the sun, is Mercury. You would think that this globe being so close to the sun would mean the stuffed thing is quite toasty, but that is not firm. Only the piece bordering to the sun is the fried section. The elevation away from the sun can actually plummet hundreds of degrees below nought. The second globe is Venus with its irritable posture near the sun. It needs to keep all the passion to itself with its thick atmosphere. Therefore the planet is hot all over and full of volcanic activity. It is not like us here on Earth where temperature is just right and everything has a particular square to espouse life. Mars, on the other hand, isn't so lucky. While the mistrust of where the water went looms in all our minds, this desert planet is constantly probed for a hint. Then we have fifth planet, Jupiter with its active atmosphere and wild magnetic subject. Perhaps one of these living we can understand it and see why it is the enraged giant it is, but is it as annoyed as Saturn? Saturn sports rings that are made of ice and shake chunks and make the rings of Uranus look like infants. Unfortunately, not as much is known about Saturn and Uranus other than Uranus was apparently hit by a very titanic item that slanted it on its region. Anyway, we now determine with lowly Pluto. This little deported that is more or fewer an increase orbiting the sun is still the axis of contest. Since it has been considered a planet since 1930, each is worn to its survival and many may become distraught at the verity this little guy may be exiled. Either way, we have a very impressive solar system with much more examine to come. Maybe through long and accurate study Pluto will learn its accurate destiny.

MY INTEREST IN PHYSICS STEMS FROM AN EARLY AGE AT SECONDARY SCHOOL read on.....

pcture of Dr . Garrett lisi physicist and surfer ,rock climber,

Einstein,quote "my life is a simple thing that would interest no one.it is a known fact that i was born and that is all that is necessary".

octahedron

i had an interest in physics from an early age at secondary school, i was fascinated by all the different mathamatical equations and quarks, leptons,polyhedra,s and octahedra,s,quadratic surfaces,simple levers,mathamatical characters,triangle centroids,gyroscopes and the like.

well a serious head injury put paid to any aspirations of me taking up physics seriously, so unfortunetly its just one of my hobbies,i do try to have a couple of hours every week studying, you know relativity oh einstein my hero along with garrett lisi {ive actually spoke to him a modern day genius on facebook checkit out on my facebook wall} enjoy my blogsite gary hutchings ,not a PHD.............!

PHYSICS OF VIRTUAL DATING TIPS EXPLAINED

Physics of Virtual Dating Tips explained
Online Dating TipsOnline dating is a fantastic way to meet someone without having to rely on the old bar or club scene. Going into a chat room you can get to know someone and talk to them, so that you can determine if you want to meet with them or date them in the real world. In a chat room, you are able to communicate and get to know quite a bit about someone, without even having to leave your home. The physical appearance isn’t as important, giving both a chance to base attraction on value instead of initial physical attraction. Your first impression will be based on how you present yourself and communicate online through the words that you type. You need to be aware of some things for your own safety though. Luckily, these are very easy, just use some common sense before meeting people in real life. Always use a fictitious name, typically called a ‘username.’ Try and use an email address that can be easily changed or deleted. Never give out your work email address or your physical address over the Internet. This not only to protects yourself from the person that you are chatting to but also from other online predators. There are some people that can eavesdrop on your conversation and use any information they get to their advantage. This often happens without either chat partner even knowing about it. Be honest about the information that you do put online. Your gender, age and city that you live in are general enough to be useless to hackers, but obviously important to your chat partner. Just avoid handing out phone numbers, addresses or any other personal information youwouldn’t give to any other stranger. If you’re in a chat room to meet that someone special, imagine how’d you feel to find out they lied about they look, what they do, their interests, or any other personal information. You don‘t want to start out a potential great relationship based on lies. You want them to be interested in what you are, not what you are not. You will eventually meet in real life if things go well, so how would you feel about someone that had lied to you? Give the same courtesy that you expect. Don't set your expectations too high from someone that you meet in a chat room. Remember, you don't know what they are really like so it’s best to wait and not arrange an offline date after the first several chats. Set up online dates a few times, chat before you agree to meet in a public place for something innocent like a cup of coffee. Always leave yourself a way out at a first meeting. Should you swap pictures with a potential date that you met online, do use a current photo that actually shows what you look like now, and not one from 20 years ago when you were prom queen. They want to know what you look like now. Besides, do you really want to share a picture of you with that crazy 80’s hairstyle? If you avoid surprises, don't compromise your integrity in any way and get to know someone anonymously before venturing further into a potential relationship, your odds of success are greatly improved.

Einstein quotes

Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.


The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is at all comprehensible.

The grand aim of all science is to cover the greatest number of empirical facts by logical deduction from the smallest number of hypotheses or axioms.

Any intelligent fool can make things bigger and more complex... It takes a touch of genius --- and a lot of courage to move in the opposite direction.


The formulation of a problem is often more essential than its solution, which may be merely a matter of mathematical or experimental skill.-- Albert Einstein

Visualization of Einstein's special relativity

Is this the theory of everything?

garrett lisi,s E8 MANIFOLD MODEL

Amazing physics

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COLOUR AND MOOD

The Relationship Between Colour and Mood
1. If color really has an effect on mood, what specific colors impact on mood and what mood results?Every color projects a mood, there are seven basic colors and beginning with the color red, I will give a quick explanation/corresponding keyword.Red = excitement, extremes (passion, hate, anger, in Asian cultures, happiness, quick changes (why fast food and sales involve a lot of red). Red relates to survival and triggers our “tribal” roots. Medically relates to anything solid, bones, joints, teeth, rectum, muscles.Orange = happy outlook, used to treat depression, it is creativity, it triggers our person to person skills. Orange is all about emotion (encompasses the swift changes, choices of red and the sense of self that yellow represents). Medically relates to fluid, kidneys, lymphatic, reproductive organs, urinary tract.Yellow = intellect, self, ego. (couples with yellow kitchens tend to argue more although yellow is good for dining room) Why? Yellow prompts ego and talking about self, political aspirations. It is associated with learning (think of all school related items that are yellow). Yellow is about honoring self, good color to have around when dieting, helps with digestion. I often drink out of a yellow glass. Medically relates to how we burn energy, so it is stomach area, pancreas, gallbladder, intestines. (there is a reason why McD’s does so well! red creates overeating and excitement, yellow is about self, therefore you overeat and overeat quickly). Yellow is also a color for caution, warning (workplace yellow) because it can be seen in the distance, but also because it stimulates the body to “keep mind on work”.Green is new beginnings, relationships, color of teaching, very calming, brings down blood pressure. Green relates to flow, whether that is blood flow or air flow. Green is about our relationships with God, self and others. Green is good to have around if you are establishing new relationships, client loyalty, any of that.Blue is the color of business, it represents truth, honesty, loyalty. It is the color of healing (with green can be very calming and healing) Blue is the most popular of colors. Blue is a good color to have when communication is key. Medically it corresponds with throat, ears, mouth, everything that we use to communicate with.Violet (including purple and indigo here) is about inspiration, intuition, spirituality. Young children and artists like violet. It contains the energy of red with the qualities of blue, so it is a good color to have around when you are looking for that “muse”. Medically it relates to issues of the head, eyes, forehead, pituitary.White is what I refer to as the “Christ Light” it elevates any color, so pastels are always calming and take on the “higher” qualities of the color it originates from, pink is nurturing and spiritual because it takes the passion and energy of red and clams it down to the nurturing qualities of pink. Same with all the other colors. Black is what I refer to as a magnifier. Those that try to intimidate by wearing all black are really just communicating that they need direction! (Think of ministers and priests looking to God for direction-wear black with a white collar) Black magnifies any bit of color that is with it, it absorbs all color whereas white is reflecting all color.2. What is the scientific basis for this cause and effect, if there is one?Believe it or not, and I now believe it, we have what is now starting to be recognized in the medical community (I know because I am speaking at the med schools and work with doctors, so it is not as woo woo as it sounds) an “energetic system” this system is comprised of seven major energy points, and many minor points. Each chakra reflects certain characteristics that are present within our life, they also reflect different colors. Chakras are cores of consciousness that process our emotions, they are the true integrators of the mind, body, spirit connection. It is my personal belief that the medical community will recognize theses chakras as an integral component of our energetic system, within the next five years. Technology is catching up, and when something can be documented (think of it as an exterior MRI) then it can be studied. Energy impacts energy, quantum physics is also beginning to justify this “theory” but color is energy manifested and it does, will, can affect your mood because it directly affects your energetic system. Try having an overabundance of yellow, I worked on my yellow presentation for Chicago and was nauseous from all the yellow! As a former academic (I was at Notre Dame from 1991-2001) I spent my research trying to prove this WRONG, but it is the WHY of color, there is example after example. I am excited that if it stays on the academic side of explanation and away from the “new age” stuff, it will be accepted.3. Is there a difference between how children, teens, adults and the elderly react to color? If there is, what colors and types of colors (pastel vs. bright) are best for which age group and why?Children tend to go for the bright because they can feel the intensity of the energy, which is why they use bright crayons and such. Teens tend to bring in more muddied colors because they are muddy and confused and there is an attraction there. From a strictly medical aspect, the elderly need brighter colors and we tend to tone them down, but they need the energy. Nursing homes make one HUGE mistake, they put the pastel prints, paintings with lots of blues and greens on the walls -good from an energetic healing standpoint, but TERRIBLE from an aesthetic!! As we age, our lenses get yellow (cataracts) so these elderly people see mud on the walls, very depressing and they don’t really know any different because it is such a gradual decline. There should be bold color and sharper shapes, more defined things within the environment of the elderly.If a child is hyperactive, they need to stay away from aspects of red, depression needs orange, confusion needs yellow, green is good if you feel restricted by your surroundings, blue is calming, good if you need to communicate well, violet helps inspire, gets you out of your head for awhile, dreaming.4. If you're in the decorating/design end of the business, is the relationship between mood and color something clients usually bring up? Do you broach the issue if they don't? If you do, do clients tend to dismiss it as important to them in the decorating process?Key is ask them what they want to FEEL, put some emotion into it, also function, what is the room for? Who is the room for? Also very very important to look at health. You would not put someone with cancer is a predominantly green room. That helps to narrow down the initial color and then one can figure out accents. Someone with ADHD should not be in a room of warm colors!5. What are some of the ways mood shifting color can be incorporated in decorating or redecorating a room?Just accenting with a color can bring in a mood. If you are depressed, buy an orange mouse pad or placemats! Drink from a green coffee mug if you are not liking who you are at the moment! (“I love me” is green) You can change an entire energy of a room by painting a corresponding strip on the wall or changing the throw rugs or accent pillows. It does not have to be a complete renovation. But again ask yourself what you need to bring into your life and work with the corresponding color. Chances are if people looked at the times they painted their bedroom or bought new shirts, introduced a new color in their life, they needed it, needed the energy that color emanates. It is so much fun to question an audience with that.6. Which colors work best in specific rooms such as a bedroom, dining room, office, living room?Again, all about feeling and function, as I said, couples with yellow kitchens (predominantly yellow) argue not because yellow is a bad color, but yellow is all about ego and self. Everyone congregates in the kitchen and it is usually the room in the house with the most energy. Yellow promotes us to talk about self, which is good, it is a color of learning as well, but think about the chaos in the kitchen from getting ready for work or school to coming home and trying to unwind, Where is it you tend to talk about your day??? Yellow for a dining room is great, a formal dining room is where you want your guests to do what? Talk about themselves!7. Do textures matter?Yes, texture and pattern can calm or agitate. I remember going to a dentists office when I lived in Mishawaka, the wallpaper was a mauve, blue and green all pastel with a cream background. I sat in the chair and it was a zig zag pattern! I became rather agitated because it emphasized the drilling! It affected my anxiety even though the color palette was non threatening. Horizontals are calming and correspond with cool colors. Diagonals are active and correspond with warm, arches or circles are generally calming, depending on quantity, size all that. My design students got an earful that day, but it was a good “crash course” on pattern and texture and how it relates to feeling and function.8. If you are in the commercial/industrial end of the decorating/design business, what mood enhancing colors work best in a reception area, an open area with many employees and the office of the CEO?Blues are always your best bet for business. Green is good if it is a business that is about relationships (clients, patients, all that) From an economical standpoint, warm colors in an office reduce heating bills, people “think” (and thoughts create) they are warming because of the palette. Cool colors tend to lead to individuals turning up the heat. Men prefer the cool colors. Warm inviting colors are good for reception areas, you want people to feel warm, but also it is open, and usually connects to the outside. Warm colors (reds, oranges, golds, yellows and many browns) invite people to think about themselves and their situations, cool colors (blues, most grays, violets and greens) invite people to think about the world and their relationships with what goes on, others.9. Is there a limitation on the effectiveness of a color impacting on mood? (In other words, if you paint a room blue to make a person feel calm, does a person get so used to it in three months that it ceases to have a calming effect?).No. But what I find is that too much saturation of a color can have a negative effect (like yellow and nausea) Most of the time it is subtle and you don’t realize it is the room color or the computer screen color or or or... Intuitively your body will take care of you, that blue room will create calm as long as you need calm created.

news that Britain is slashing its funding for the proposed International Linear Collider (ILC), a proposed next-generation particle accelerator viewed by the physics community worldwide as a critical next step in understanding how the universe is actually constructed.
Now the U.S. House of Representatives has passed its belated budget bill, and there's even more bad news for the ILC there.
The details are covered here by the newsletter for the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). In short, the ILC project is receiving just $15 million, down from the $60 million proposed in the White House's original budget request. Another research area, study of superconducting radio frequency (SCRF) associated with the ILC, has been cut from $23 million to $5.45 million.
Here's SLAC's take on the cuts:
These decisions will certainly be a major blow to ILC progress both at SLAC and internationally. ... SLAC and other national labs will certainly feel the impact of these budget figures.
The budget bill still must be passed by the Senate. But it looks bad for these programs, along with several other areas of important physics research.
It's undeniably true that the country has suffered though years of abysmal financial management, and more bad economic news likely to be on the horizon makes cuts necessary. But this is an important issue. The U.S. is fast losing its leading role in particle physics; anyone who doesn't want to see this trend accelerate in the near future might want to shoot their local senator a very quick note of polite protest.
The problems could well run deeper than the parochial U.S. interests, too. If both the U.S. and Britain pull away from significant project funding, the entire ILC effort itself – which is predicated on strong internationally participation – will become dangerously fragile.
We'll be following this issue, both from a U.S. funding perspective, and the health of the ILC project in general, as the debate continues.news that Britain is slashing its funding for the proposed International Linear Collider (ILC), a proposed next-generation particle accelerator viewed by the physics community worldwide as a critical next step in understanding how the universe is actually constructed.
Now the U.S. House of Representatives has passed its belated budget bill, and there's even more bad news for the ILC there.
The details are covered here by the newsletter for the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). In short, the ILC project is receiving just $15 million, down from the $60 million proposed in the White House's original budget request. Another research area, study of superconducting radio frequency (SCRF) associated with the ILC, has been cut from $23 million to $5.45 million.
Here's SLAC's take on the cuts:
These decisions will certainly be a major blow to ILC progress both at SLAC and internationally. ... SLAC and other national labs will certainly feel the impact of these budget figures.
The budget bill still must be passed by the Senate. But it looks bad for these programs, along with several other areas of important physics research.
It's undeniably true that the country has suffered though years of abysmal financial management, and more bad economic news likely to be on the horizon makes cuts necessary. But this is an important issue. The U.S. is fast losing its leading role in particle physics; anyone who doesn't want to see this trend accelerate in the near future might want to shoot their local senator a very quick note of polite protest.
The problems could well run deeper than the parochial U.S. interests, too. If both the U.S. and Britain pull away from significant project funding, the entire ILC effort itself – which is predicated on strong internationally participation – will become dangerously fragile.
We'll be following this issue, both from a U.S. funding perspective, and the health of the ILC project in general, as the debate continues.