Einstein's Riddle

Einstein's Riddle
There are 5 houses of 5 different colours. In each house lives a person of a different nationality. Each of the 5 residents drinks a certain type of beverage, smokes a certain brand of cigar, and keeps a certain pet. None of them have the same pet, smoke the same brand of cigar or drink the same beverage.

The question is: Who owns the fish?

Clues:

► The Brit lives in the red house.
► The Swede keeps dogs as pets.
► The Dane drinks tea.
► The green house is on the left of the white house.
► The resident of the green house drinks coffee.
► The person who smokes Pall Mall rears birds.
► The resident of the yellow house smokes Dunhill.
► The resident of the centre house drinks milk.
► The Norwegian lives in the first house.
► The person who smokes Blends lives next to the one who keeps cats.
► The person who keeps the horse lives next to the one who smokes Dunhill.
► The person who smokes Bluemasters drinks beer.
► The German smokes Prince.
► The Norwegian lives next to the blue house.
► The person who smokes Blends has a neighbour who drinks water.
Einstein's Riddle: Hint

Statements 8 and 9 give us definite information, the first house belongs to a Norwegian and the third house's owner drinks milk. Statement 9 together with statement 14 allow us to deduce that the second house is blue. The possibilities for all the remaining assignments are summarized in the following table. Printing this table and crossing off possibilities that can be eliminated using the statements is a good way to proceed.

Number
1
2
3
4
5

House Color
Red
Green
White
Yellow
Blue
Red
Green
White
Yellow
Red
Green
White
Yellow
Red
Green
White
Yellow

Nationality
Norway
Britain
Sweden
Denmark
Germany
Britain

Sweden

Denmark

Germany
Britain

Sweden

Denmark

Germany
Britain

Sweden

Denmark

Germany

Beverage
Tea
Coffee
Beer
Water
Tea
Coffee
Beer
Water
Milk
Tea
Coffee
Beer
Water
Tea
Coffee
Beer
Water

Cigar
Pall Mall
Dunhill
Bluemasters
Prince
Blends
Pall Mall
Dunhill
Bluemasters
Prince
Blends
Pall Mall
Dunhill
Bluemasters
Prince
Blends
Pall Mall
Dunhill
Bluemasters
Prince
Blends
Pall Mall
Dunhill
Bluemasters
Prince
Blends

Pet
Dogs
Birds
Cats
Horses
Fish
Dogs
Birds
Cats
Horses
Fish
Dogs
Birds
Cats
Horses
Fish
Dogs
Birds
Cats
Horses
Fish
Dogs
Birds
Cats
Horses
Fish

Answer the German owns the fish

flying onion

Chapter 1. Year Dot.

The Earth is very old, the universe is older still. Life had plenty of time to develop.How much time has been available on the Earth, and in the universe, for life to form? Methods of estimation, early and more recent. The Earth is now dated 4.6 billion years by radioactivity; the universe is dated 1020 billion years by observations of star light.

Chapter 2. Friends and Relatives.

All life on Earth is related to a single ancestor. All forms of life are much more closely related than first appearances might suggest. Major differences, even between animals, plants and bacteria, are superficial. The inner workings of their cells are virtually identical. All life depends on the same source of energy, which is the simple combination of hydrogen and oxygen to make water. Life on Earth had a single origin, making the search for it easier.

Chapter 3. Dating the Ancestors.

When a timescale is added to relatedness, life is found to be very old. Historical ideas about the youth of the Earth, some of the earlier beliefs and influential personalities. Recent progress in dating fossils. Scientific distortions such as hypothetical missing links and the Piltdown Man.

Chapter 4. Before the Ancestors.

Life is at least as old as the Earth. New technology enables protein or DNA sequences to be compared, but a fresh argument questions whether this provides a reliable evolutionary timescale.

Chapter 5. Life's Not Simple.

Life on Earth has always been complex. Primitive life more than 3.8 billion years ago was already highly complex, with cells, genes, proteins and an intricate biochemical metabolism.

Chapter 6. Thanks to Thermodynamics.

If life was never simple, how did it start? The central paradox of life: since life can only be complex, how can it ever have been simple? The evolution of life's chemistry happened in the 10 billion years or so before the Earth existed.

Chapter 7. Non-Event.

The moment life did not come into existence. There wasn't one.

Chapter 8. Spreading the Message.

Life is universal - but don't bother searching for it. Doubling processes, such as gene duplication and cell division, are so fundamental to life that a single primitive cell, almost regardless of its inefficiency, could colonise a sterile ocean in a blink of geological time. Ice comets could preserve and transport inter-stellar chemistry. The Oort Cloud and Kuiper Belt are great reservoirs of cometary material that can survive passage through the atmosphere into the oceans of the Earth.

Chapter 9. Unintelligent Design.

Life's inheritance. Life's timescale is at least that of the universe, not merely the Earth. Life has changed very little in the Earth's accepted timescale of 4.6 billion years. Evolution has been merely a few simple variations on an underlying biochemical theme. Innovations have been trivial. Far from the age of the Earth providing any constraint on the antiquity of life, ultimately an understanding of the origin of life may throw fresh light on the historical timeframe of the universe.

Chapter 10. Life: To Be Continued?

Life could do better, but probably won't. A genome is a program for the construction of a living being and we are on the point of being able to rewrite that program to manufacture any grotesque combination. The human species has reached the critical point where it can change its own destiny. On the other hand, human intelligence and social behaviour have changed little in thousands of years and will change little in future millennia

January 2009 courses.itinary,,,,,,,

review: january 2009
Astronomy courses will be presented in PowerPoint. Some of the charts will be in Library Reserves (hardcopy), and Bookstore. The plan is to offer these courses in jan-mar.. (where almost all the charts will be listed). To access courses, visit: website.. In order to access the materials you will need your user name and password then click on url. (This will not work until the schedule is loaded, usually the first day of class)..

Astronomy Lec/Lab PHYS117
Astronomy Lec/Lab PHYS117 for Spring 2009) has two evening astronomy classes. There are also Lecture only PHYS107 that meet on fri-Tu 10:45-12:05 and 4-5:20PM. The t323Lecture/Lab class will require the completion of at least 3 of the 6 labs assigned. Enrollment in the class will be limited by the size of the room (probably 22 to 34), but the Lecture/Lab course size will be limited by our facilities and equipment (17 at present).

The content of the courses will be

PHYS10 11:45 AM Solar System

PHYS11 4:00 PM Deep Sky

PHYS12 Tu 6-9 Solar System

PHYS13 Th 6-9 Deep Sky
Summer 2009 there will likely be a sat-tues 7:45-10:15PM PHYS16 during the beginning (6 week) session. Summer is a great time for astronomy labs! autumn 2009 schedule will be similar,

Due to next weeks prospect of severe weather in all circumstances the latest info will come from instructor.all corespondance if there are different instructions will be posted in foyer notice board.

Across the rhythm of an oceans tide the beat of two hearts can still be heard

Across the rhythm of an oceans tide the beat of two hearts can still be heard

Throw out all the notes ,

The kinetic energy of an electron emmitted from a photoemmissive surface
is equal to the frequency of the incident light multiplied by Plank's
constant. Plank's constant is named after it's discoverer, John Constant,
who stumbled across the number while playing Keno on a transatlantic flight
to London in 1937. This discovery was somewhat fortuitous for Constant, as
he inadvertantly got on the wrong flight- (He was supposed to flt to
Zurich)

When Constant eventually arrived in Zurich he met a young Albert
Einstein-who was at the time significantly younger than he would be in 2
decades time. The purpose of this meeting was twofold-

1) To redefine the laws of space and time, and
2) To redefine 'Gregory's' top ten list of Europe's finest strip-clubs.

Sharing a genuine passion for advanced mathematical physics, Constant and
Einstein had no trouble with the second of these objectives, however the
listing of London whorehouse 'Tittany's" over Munich's finest Brothel,
elaborately named with typical German wit and flare as 'the designated
establishment abiding by the predetermined council guidelines that allows
men to enjoy a night of efficient German sexual intercourse in accordance
with council regulation 17 tripple x c B 4.' This inavertantly triggered
the second world war, which was fundamental in shaping today's
understanding that there is not one single attractive woman in all of the
Brittish Isles.

The first of these objectives did prove slightly more difficult, and it
took 5 years for the theory of relativity to be developed. However there
was one lingering critical problem- The theory of relativity was incredibly
difficult to understand, inspite of all the publicity concerning the
assasination of JFK. Many people he did try to understand it formed
self-help groups. Einstein once read it out on hospital radio, and no fewer
than 12 people got out of coma's, packed their bags and went
home. Unperturbed, Einstein decided that he would use telephone counselling
service 'lifeline' to get his theory to the world. Einstein talked to 7
people that day, all of whom committed suicide. Einstein usually wouldn't
have minded that much, but one of those was a wrong number- he phoned up to
order a pizza.

Einstein 'passed on' in 1967, incurring a penalty against his rugby side
for breaking one of the most fundamental laws of the game. Furious with the
decision, Einstein ran out to the road screaming, where he was hit by a
truck.

The way the water wends

It's twice the rate at which rain doth fall
Into how fast it's a-gittin' there, square.

Plus what it is a holdin' it back times
Deux points trois ( l'eau sanitaire).

And how far thou art toward heaven
(or toward hell better not go there!).

Now, I ain't the one who made this up,
But I do believe it's true.
And if you want to check it out,
Right here is what you do:

Talk with them fellers, Leon and Dan'l
(They's the ones who told it to me).
Though, strange, when I asked them who they wuz,
They said "Oil her" and "Burn you, Lee!"

Winding along the worrisome way,
Things heat up, and so I guess
You better not forget to
Account for shear distress.

My palpitatin' heart is a-pumpin',
It's plumb positively displaced!
And those heady words, "Energy o'er weight,"
My feeble mind just can't erase.

I'm feeling hot, tired and hammered,
Need a cool shower, I would say.
Ain't got no indoor plumbin' here,
But I figgered me another way...

Got eleven sixty gallon water barrels;
The old horse can lift 'em six feet,
And wash me down in just a minute,
That'll be perfect and complete!

Schroedinger's cat

I have been reading of Schroedinger's cat
But none of my cats are at all like that.
This unusual animal (so it is said)
Is simultaneously live and dead!
What I don't understand is just why he
Can't be one or other, unquestionably.
My future now hangs in between eigenstates.
In one I'm enlightened, the other I ain't.
If you understand, then show me the way
And rescue my psyche from quantum decay.
But if this queer thing has perplexed even you,
Then I will and won't see you in Schroedinger's zoo.

UNIFIED FIELD THEORY

In physics, a unified field theory is a type of field theory that allows all of the fundamental forces between elementary particles to be written in terms of a single field. There is no accepted unified field theory yet, and this remains an open line of research. The term was coined by Albert Einstein who attempted to unify the general theory of relativity with electromagnetism. A Theory of Everything is closely related to unified field theory, but differs by not requiring the basis of nature to be fields, and also attempts to explain all physical constants of nature.

This attempts to describes unified field theory as it is currently understood in connection with quantum theory.

There may be a reason why the correct description of nature has to be a unified field theory; this has led to a great deal of progress in modern theoretical physics and continues to motivate researchers to derive to find the answer. Unified field theory is only one possible approach to unification of physics.

According to our current understanding of physics, forces between objects (e.g. gravitation) are not transmitted directly between the two objects, but instead go through intermediary entities called fields. All four of the known fundamental forces are mediated by fields, which in the Standard Model of particle physics result from exchange of bosons (integral-spin particles). Specifically the four interactions to be unified are (from strongest to weakest):

Strong nuclear interaction: the interaction responsible for holding quarks together to form neutrons and protons, and holding neutrons and protons together to form nuclei. The exchange particle that mediates this force is the gluon.
Electromagnetic interaction: the familiar interaction that acts on electrically charged particles. The photon is the exchange particle for this force.
Weak nuclear interaction: a repulsive short-range interaction responsible for radioactivity, that acts on electrons, neutrinos and quarks. It is governed by the W and Z bosons.
Gravitational interaction: a long-range attractive interaction that acts on all particles with mass. The postulated exchange particle has been named the graviton.
Modern unified field theory attempts to bring these four force-mediating fields together into a single framework. Quantum theory seems to limit any deterministic theory's descriptive power (in simple terms, no theory can predict events more accurately than allowed by the Planck constant).

The first successful (classical) unified field theory was developed by James Clerk Maxwell. In 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that electric currents exerted forces on magnets, while in 1831, Michael Faraday made the observation that time-varying magnetic fields could induce electric currents. Until then, electricity and magnetism had been thought of as unrelated phenomena. In 1864, Maxwell published his famous paper on a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field. This was the first example of a theory that was able to encompass previous separate field theories (namely electricity and magnetism) to provide a unifying theory of electromagnetism. Later, in his theory of special relativity Albert Einstein was able to explain the unity of electricity and magnetism as a consequence of the unification of space and time into an entity we now call spacetime.

In 1921 Theodor Kaluza extended General Relativity to five dimensions and in 1926 Oscar Klein proposed that the fourth spatial dimension be curled up (or compactified) into a small, unobserved circle. This was dubbed Kaluza-Klein theory. It was quickly noticed that this extra spatial direction gave rise to an additional force similar to electricity and magnetism. This was pursued as the basis for some of Albert Einstein's later unsuccessful attempts at a unified field theory. Einstein and others pursued various non-quantum approaches to unifying these forces; however as quantum theory became generally accepted as fundamental, most physicists came to view all such theories as doomed to failure.

In 1963 American physicist Sheldon Glashow proposed that the weak nuclear force and electricity and magnetism could arise from a partially unified electroweak theory. In 1967, Pakistani Abdus Salam and American Steven Weinberg independently revised Glashow's theory by having the masses for the W particle and Z particle arise through spontaneous symmetry breaking with the Higgs mechanism. This unified theory was governed by the exchange of four particles: the photon for electromagnetic interactions, a neutral Z particle and two charged W particles for weak interaction. As a result of the spontaneous symmetry breaking, the weak force becomes short range and the Z and W bosons acquire masses of 80.4 and 91.2 GeV / c2, respectively. Their theory was first given experimental support by the discovery of weak neutral currents in 1973. In 1983, the Z and W bosons were first produced at CERN by Carlo Rubbia's team. For their insights, Salam, Glashow and Weinberg were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979. Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer received the Prize in 1984.

After Gerardus 't Hooft showed the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam electroweak interactions was mathematically consistent, the electroweak theory became a template for further attempts at unifying forces. In 1974, Sheldon Glashow and Howard Georgi proposed unifying the strong and electroweak interactions into a Grand Unified Theory, which would have observable effects for energies much above 100 GeV.

Since then there have been several proposals for Grand Unified Theories, although none is currently universally accepted. A major problem for experimental tests of such theories is the energy scale involved, which is well beyond the reach of current accelerators. Grand Unified Theories make predictions for the relative strengths of the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces, and in 1991 LEP determined that supersymmetric theories have the correct ratio of couplings for a Georgi-Glashow Grand Unified Theory. Many Grand Unified Theories predict that the proton can decay, and if this were to be seen, details of the decay products could give hints at more aspects of the Grand Unified Theory. It is at present unknown if the proton can decay, although experiments have determined a lower bound of 1035 years for its lifetime.


The current state of unified field theories
Gravity has yet to be successfully included in a theory of everything. Simply trying to combine the graviton with the strong and electroweak interactions runs into fundamental difficulties (the resulting theory is not renormalizable). Theoretical physicists have not yet formulated a widely accepted, consistent theory that combines general relativity and quantum mechanics. The incompatibility of the two theories remains an outstanding problem in the field of physics. Some theoretical physicists currently believe that a quantum theory of general relativity may require frameworks other than field theory itself, such as string theory or loop quantum gravity. One promising string theory is the heterotic string which can tie together gravity and the three other forces into a tight connection. Other candidate string theories do not have this feature of unifying the forces and gravity in a compelling manner. Loop quantum gravity does not appear to link the electroweak and strong forces to gravity, and if so, it would fail as a unified field theory. Ultimately, nature may not be best understood in terms of a unified field theory; this conceptualization may not be correct, although it has led to advances in physics.


Non-mainstream theories
Albert Einstein famously spent the last two decades of his life searching for a Unified Field Theory. This has led to a great deal of fascination with the subject and has drawn many people from outside the mainstream of the physics community to work on such a theory. Most of this work typically appears in non-peer reviewed sources, such as self-published books or personal websites. The work that appears outside of the standard scientific channels may or may not be considered pseudoscience by definition.

Examples of "non-mainstream" theories are Heim theory, and Antony Garrett Lisi's "An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything"who eventually may come up with the answer to this.